Symbolism From The Scarlet Letter - 867 Words

Emalee McCracken Mrs. Voshell Honors English 10 21 December 2016 Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter There are many forms of symbolism found in The Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne, the author uses his many forms of symbolism to project a lesson or moral created throughout the story. Even each of the main characters has a different moral representation. Guilt, repentance, purity, and strength each are shown through the eyes of a different character. Pear, Hester Prynne, Chillingworth, and Reverend Dimmesdale are main characters that are used to show that you should â€Å"Be true! Be true! Be true! Show freely to the world, if not your worst, yet some trait whereby the worst may be inferred!†(Hawthorne286) Hester Prynne is the first of many†¦show more content†¦Pearl also becomes the one reason Hester still enjoys her life. She accompanies Hester everywhere they go. However she also has issues caused by her lack of social interaction, when kids make comments to her she charges and screams at them. Pearl is also very smart for her age. Throughout the story she is able to make connections based on very subtle cues, such as why Dimmesdale places his hand over his heart. Reverend Dimmesdale is a character foil of Hester Prynne. Whereas she represents repented and forgiven sin he does not. Dimmesdale cannot forgive himself and tortures himself because of it. He does this by holding vigils and famines. This causes him to be weak and frail, whereas Hester is strong and thusly causing her to be the strength of Dimmsdale both mentally and physically. Together Hester and Dimmesdale plan to leave Boston to return to England, but Dimmesdale dies due to his constant torture. Hawthorne does not only use human or people for symbolism. He also uses inanimate objects to project his themes and morals. There are many different things used iron, a rosebush, scaffolds, and of course the scarlet letter. In The Scarlet Letter the author might directly state what the objects represents or it might be left to the reader to decide for themselves what the object means. The rose bush is directly stated by Hawthorne that it might represent a sweet moral blossom. It can also be shown as â€Å"ToShow MoreRelatedSymbolism In The Scarlet Letter1247 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism in The Scarlet Letter Symbolism is simply defined as the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities. Symbolism is a common occurrence in literary works and many books use symbolism to express mystical ideas, emotions, and states of mind. As in most literary works, symbolism also appears in The Scarlet Letter. There is lots of symbolism used in The Scarlet Letter to convey multiple things and to express many ideas. Symbolism can be found everywhere in The Scarlet Letter and many ofRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pageslife has just one meaning. Symbolism occurs in everyday ordinary life. One of the most recognizable stories that contain symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of d ifferent concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in NathanielRead MoreABy Major Characters In The Scarlet Letter1202 Words   |  5 PagesInterpretation of the ‘A’ by Major Characters in The Scarlet Letter People have different cultures and experiences throughout their lives; therefore, they all have different perspectives of the same object. Various authors use different perspectives of people to make objects mean different based on how people approach it. Not only the readers see the object in different ways, but also the characters in the story. The Scarlet Letter uses various symbolism such as ‘A , rosebush, the forest and more whichRead MoreScarlet Letter Symbolism Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesThe Significance of Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a gothic satire of the puritan beliefs and value. Nathaniel Hawthorn of a puritan based background wrote various harsh satires such as Young Goodman Brown, and The Scarlet Letter, all based on his ancestral history. Furthermore, in his satires, they all shared a common point in structure and his use of symbolism to develop meaning for his works. With the use of symbolism, Hawthorne is efficientlyRead MoreThe Role of Color in The Scarlet Letter Essay973 Words   |  4 Pageshistory, politics, and religion. In The Scarlet Letter, the author, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses symbolism through colors such as red, black and white in the form of sunlight, to represent emotions and ideologies of Hester and the people around her. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the color red significantly throughout The Scarlet Letter to show its importance of symbolism in the emotions of sin and passion that it represents. The first example in The Scarlet Letter is the red rose that is growing by the prisonRead More Symbols and Symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter1178 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism   in The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne isnt noted for perfecting any famous literary style, for writing multiple best sellers, or even for contributing largely to classic American literature.   His only real claim to fame is The Scarlet Letter: a novel that was originally only meant to be yet another Hawthorne short story.   Because of this, it actually possesses many short story characteristics.   It is simpler and more complete than his other novels. (James 285)   It also hasRead MoreSymbolism In The Scarlet Letter. Symbolism Is The Use Of1085 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism in The Scarlet Letter Symbolism is the use of an object, character, or event to represent something else. Nathaniel Hawthorne, without a doubt, uses symbolism throughout the course of the novel, The Scarlet Letter. The novel takes place in a Puritan community in present-day Boston. Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth, and Pearl are the main characters. They all have major roles and without them, the novel would not be the same. Hester Prynne; married to Roger ChillingworthRead More A Character Analysis of Pearl in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter1494 Words   |  6 PagesNathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Word Count Includes Outline at the End of the Paper The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a book of much symbolism. One of the most complex and misunderstood symbols in the book is Pearl, the illegitimate daughter of Hester Prynne and Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Throughout the novel Pearl develops into a dynamic symbol; one that is always changing. In the following essay, I will explore Hawthornes symbolism of Pearl from birth, age three, and ageRead MoreDifferent Interpretations Of The Scarlet Letter1609 Words   |  7 PagesDifferent Interpretations of The Scarlet Letter Symbolism is everywhere around us in our daily lives, even if you don’t notice it right away. Traffic signs, company names, and even colors can all be examples of symbolism. Dr. Stephanie Carrez’ article, Symbol and Interpretation, focuses on and interprets the different types of symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel, The Scarlet Letter. Focusing mainly on the characters Hester and Pearl, Carrez’ article brings symbolism to a new light as she interpretsRead MoreSymbolism Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1122 Words   |  5 Pagesdraft Topic: Symbolism of the Scarlet letter â€Å"A† In The Scarlet letter the author Nathaniel Hawthorne illustrates the use of symbolism in the book, especially the scarlet letter â€Å"A.† Symbolism is defined as a figure of speech used for an object, or a word to represent something else in literature. The Scarlet letter â€Å"A† had a change of meaning throughout the novel. In the inception of the book it is known as a symbol of Adultery. As the book continues the scarlet letter is looked at differently

My Antonia Essay Independence and Belonging - 670 Words

Independence and Belonging in My Antonianbsp;nbsp; In My Antonia there are two types of women, those who want to have a man and those who donsup1;t. The key word is want, at no point does a woman need a man in the entire course of the novel. From the Hired Girls to Tiny Soderball and Lena Lingard women are capable of self sufficiency and happiness. The majority of the truly contented people are either alone or living without the opposite sex. Antonia and Cuzak are the only example of a sup3;normalsup2; happy couple, all others have some problems that prevent a normal relationship. In the Hired Girls Antonia and Lena are depicted as strong, independent women who work to support themselves and their families and enjoying†¦show more content†¦The hired girls are the draft horses, the people who accomplish things, of female society in Black Hawk, while the daughters of the merchants are the show horses, wanted only as long as theysup1;re pretty. The ultimate examples of non-dependance on males in the book are Lena Lingard and Tiny Soderball. Lena Lingard is a successful dressmaker who has no desire for the standard womanly duties of childbearing and housekeeping. #338;sup3;Well, itsup1;s mainly because I donsup1;t want a husband. Men are all right for friends, bu as soon as you marry them they turn into cranky old fathers, even the wild ones. They begin to tell you whatsup1;s sensible and whatsup1;s foolish, and want you to stick at the home all the time. I prefer to be foolish when I feel like it, and be accountable to nobody.sup2;sup1;(My Antonia, Willa Cather, p.234) Lena, despite her views maintains an air of femininity due to her work in one of the few female dominated industries of the time. Tiny Soderball, however differs greatly from Lena despite their similar independence. Where Lena continued in a field that she knew well and merely embraced a nonstandard philosophy, Tiny broke the established stereotypes. Both the se women are content with their lot in life and donsup1;t complain

AFI - The Art of Drowning free essay sample

The Art of Drowning, released in 2002, is by no means the most recent effort of Californian rock quartet AFI, but it is most definitely one of their finest. AFI, or A Fire Inside, unquestionably lives up to their name on this record. Their music has a rough and aggressive feel, yet is emotional and beautiful under the obvious grit. Their fifth full length album, The Art of Drowning features the old AFI style of breakneck speed and energy combined with epic ballads, and even a little softer material not typically seen from them in earlier releases. Judging from their recent changes in sound, it’s hard for most new fans of AFI to believe that they started out as a small hardcore-punk band from Ukiah, California. Emerging out of their small scene, AFI’s musical style has changed drastically over the 17 years they’ve been together, probably due to the few lineup changes that occurred. We will write a custom essay sample on AFI The Art of Drowning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Over the course of those years, many have tried and failed to stick a specific label on the band; descriptions of their musical genre range anywhere from hardcore to horror punk, from alternative rock to emo. With each new release we see a new transformation of AFI, and The Art of Drowning was a key record in their process of recreating themselves. The album opens with a foreboding 30 second instrumental, dubbed â€Å"Initiation†. An eerie wind howls in the background as a sinister guitar builds up into a snarling crescendo, and then fades out, transitioning seamlessly into Track 2. Here begins the real journey through the album. Dark lyrically but strangely upbeat, AFI creates a perfect balance between harsh, powerful guitar chords and the fragile, more delicate melodies intertwined with them. The feelings of the individual songs are diverse throughout the album, so it never gets monotonous. â€Å"Smile† and â€Å"Catch a Hot One† seem to symbolize disgust wi th humanity and the apparent disregard our race has for others. Angry and bitter in tone, they are both perfect songs for when you are sick of the world and just need to vent. â€Å"A Story at Three† is straight out of a childhood nightmare, telling tales of creatures who inhabit the night. â€Å"Wester†, however, one of my personal favorites, seems to convey feelings of excitement and anticipation in its energetic guitar chords. The Days of the Phoenix reminisces on the band’s younger days, painting pictures of their many performances at the Phoenix Theater, a venue they frequented. 6 to 8 pays homage to all the fans who have supported AFI through touring, thanking them with the words â€Å"On the way, I saw five hours of sleep, but your fire makes it all worth while†. â€Å"The Despair Factor†, one of the best tracks in my opinion, would be a good song to pick if you wanted one track that would sum up the whole album. It features everything that makes the record great; fast guitars and lyrics in the beginning that decline into a bittersweet melody of lament. This is AFI’s first song to feature use of electronics in their music, an element that would frequent their music in the future. The line â€Å"My whole life is a dark room† from the film â€Å"Beetlejuice† is featured in the lyrics, and it is from this song that AFI’s fan club, the Despair Faction, derives its name. Finally, The Art of Drowning goes out with a bang with â€Å"Morningstar†, which ends dramatically but satisfyingly. The hidden track â€Å"Battled† isn’t really worth the ten minutes waited after the ending of â€Å"Morningstar† to hear it, but the rest of the album compensates for the disappointment multiple times. The Art of Drowning is a significant step forward in the journey AFI has made over the years to the success they enjoy today; the single â€Å"The Days of the Phoenix† gained notable airplay on rock radio stations around the country, and the video likewise received attention from stations such as MTV 2. At that point in time, AFI no longer retained all of the homogenous hardcore sound of their earlier albums, yet they hadn’t fully transformed into the alternative rock band they are at present. The Art of Drowning is only the second album to feature the lineup we see today; Davey Havok as vocalist and lyricist, Adam Carson as drummer, Jade Puget as guitarist, and Hunter Burgan on bass. Puget became the main songwriter after he joined the band, which probably contributed to the noticeable change in style of the band, especially on The Art of Drowning. In short, The Art of Drowning can be compared to a certain type of person; one who appears rough and gritty at first glance, but once you get to know them, you discover the warmer, softer version that lies beneath the harder shell. It is definitely an essential for any AFI fan or one who is interested in checking out their music.

Number Grid Investigation Essay Example

Number Grid Investigation Essay I was first given A 1010 grid, counting from 1-100. Inside the grid was A 22 box surrounding the numbers, 12, 13, 22 and 23;123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100I was asked to;* Find the product of the top left number and bottom right number in the box.* Do the same with the top right and bottom left numbers n the box.* Calculate the difference between these numbers.I did this,12 x 23 = 27613 x 22 = 286 286 276 = 10The difference between them was 10I decided to try it with A 33 box surrounding the numbers;12131422232412 x 34 = 40814 x 32 = 448 448 408 = 40The difference between them was 40I also tried this with A 44 box, and A 55 box:(44) 12 x 45 = 54015 x 42 = 630 630 540 = 90(55) 12 x 56 = 67216 x 52 = 832 832 672 = 160I decided to try and find A pattern between these numbers, I thought that since the boxes grows in an even n umber, so should the totals.Put into order they looked like this:Side of box length 2 3 4 5Difference in numbers 10 40 90 160Difference 30 50 7020 20There was A definite pattern between the numbers, this gave me the idea that I might be able to find A formula for the difference.I thought that if I were to start working out a formula, I should name some of the variables:Side of box = MTop of box = NSide of grid = XBottom of grid = YDifference = LI now had to start by trying to work out the sequence of the numbers:M = 2 3 4 5L = 10 40 90 16030 50 7020 20To work out A sequence, we first see how many times we have to look for an equal difference, in this case we have to go look twice, this means that M will be squared;M2We next look at the difference, in this case 20, we halve it, this will be multiplied by M;M2 x 10This should be the formula, I will test it;42 x 10 = 160This is clearly wrong, as this is the answer for the next part, but I can see whats wrong, so I can fix it. The probl em is that I am going to have to take 1 away from M before it is multiplied by 10 to get the correct formula;(M 1)2 x 10, or factorised, 10(M 1)2This will now work, (4 1)2 x 10 = 90I have found the formula for any square box, but the box must be square, as in the formula I only have one variable for size of box, and if the two sides are different, the formula will take the side put in to be both sides.This is A problem, I have decided to work on rectangular boxes.Rectangular BoxesWhen working out the rectangular boxes, I must keep one side the same, otherwise I will never find A pattern in totals, so I will work out the following boxes, keeping one side at 2 squares;123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100I will not write here all of my working, as it would take up too much space, so I will just write the results;N x M = L2x2 = 10 32 = 2042 = 3052 = 4062 = 50There is A certain pattern here, as each time we add 1 to N, the difference goes up by 10.Instead of taking M to be the variable in this formula, I will use N as it is the one changing;N 2 3 4 5 6L 10 20 30 40 5010 10 10 10As I only had to look once for A common difference, N will not have to be squared.The formula turned out like this:10 (N 1)I tested this for the 7th part of the sequence,10 (7 1) = 60, which, as you can see from the numbers above, is the next part of the sequence, I have found A formula for rectangles where M = 2.

Ipl Strenght and Weakness Essay Example

Ipl Strenght and Weakness Essay The bidding process for the eight franchises that will compete in the Indian Premier League has officially begun with the release of the prospectus for the inaugural Twenty20 competition beginning in April 2008. The tender inviting bids for the franchises will be announced sometime in December. Potential franchisees can submit bids for more than one city-team and must state the total fee they are offering for a franchise for the first ten-year term. The auction of players will immediately follow the awarding of the franchises. The prospectus also laid out the manner in which the IPLs revenue would be shared with the franchises. The franchises will receive 80% of the television revenue over the first two years, 70% in the third and fourth years, 60% between years five and ten, and 50% from the 11th year onwards. In addition, they will also receive 60% of the sponsorship revenue during the first ten years, after which they will receive 50%. Of the total amount to be distributed, 20% will be divided based on the final league positions of the franchises while the other 80% will be shared squally. The IPLs distribution model, which is based on their current forecasts for the first contracts for centralized television and sponsorship agreements, should be adjusted should the forecasts change. The competition comprises 59 matches and spans 44 days with each franchise playing the other on a home and away basis. The top four teams qualify for the semi-finals, the winners of which will contest the final. The two finalists will in turn qualify for the Champions Twenty20 tournament, which has been provisionally scheduled for October 2008. We will write a custom essay sample on Ipl Strenght and Weakness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ipl Strenght and Weakness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ipl Strenght and Weakness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Each franchises squad will have a minimum of 16 players and no more than four international players, drawn from the pool of contracted players, may play in a particular match. Four Under-21 players and four players from the franchises catchment area must also be part of the squad, though these can be the same players. Our first round-up of the IPLs finances shows the league generated $209 million in revenue in its second season, for an aggregate operating profit (earnings before interest, taxes and depreciation) of $89 million. The average franchise is worth $67 million, a 31% increase in just one year. The Rajasthan Royals, winners of the leagues first championship, has risen in value by 71%. This despite the uncertainty and logistical headaches caused by moving this years entire 59-game slate, including the final, to South Africa with only three weeks notice. (After terror incidents, the Indian government was anxious about providing security as parliamentary elections coincided with the month-long season. The IPL was conceived in 2007 near some hallowed ground for sports: in Londons Wimbledon suburb. There, Lalit Modi, representing the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), the governing body of Indian cricket, and Andrew Wildblood, an executive at sports management powerhouse IMG, discussed the disconnect between crickets worldwide popularity and the lack of commercial success of any domestic league. Their solution: a franchise ownership structure modeled after top U. S. sports leagues. Since then , the league has grown at breakneck speed. In January 2008, eight IPL teams were auctioned for a combined $724 million (to be paid in 10 annual installments to the nonprofit BCCI, an umbrella for the IPL). Just three months later, the Redskins First Ladies of Football were flown in to shake their pom-poms at the sold-out opener. Proceeds from the auction, as well as portions of national media and sponsorship deals, are reinvested, mostly in Indias aging (as far back as the 19th century) cricket stadiums, including some of the 10 rented by IPL teams for $100,000 per match. How successful was that first season? The 2008 semifinals and final drew 62 million viewers in India, with a per-match average of 11% of the nations total cable audience. In the months that followed, Modi, now IPL commissioner, opted out of TV deals with Sony and World Sports Group, risking nearly $1 billion of guaranteed payments over the next nine years. The gamble paid off, to the tune of a 98% annual increase from those broadcast partners, both of which deemed the IPL too valuable a property to lose. One reason the league is so TV-friendly is its format: Matches are held under Twenty20 rules that speed up each contest to about three hours (a traditional cricket match can last days, with tea breaks). The format is sweeping cricket worldwide. Revenue from TV, mobile and digital rights deals totaled $100 million for the latest season, of which teams split an 80% share equally. They also divvied up 60% of the $40 million in league sponsorships, including a cool $10 million from the leagues title sponsor, DLF, Indias largest real estate firm, and $5. million from motorbike maker Hero Honda. Despite playing 5,000 miles away, Indian companies actually increased spending on team sponsorships, which grew by 60% to a collective $60 million. Ground staff scurried to change signage before every match so that none of the floating teams advertisers were underrepresented. Ticket sales did not go as smoothly. The move led to a 75% drop in gate receipts, as prices were slashed to fill up stadiums to make the product more appealing on TV. That must have worked: This year, the finals telecast reached 24% more viewers in India than in 2008. Even Modi is surprised by how quickly the league has grown. At the beginning there were not many bidders who were conscious of the fact that the league would succeed, and they had to bid on total blind faith. There was no history, everybody was writing against it, there was no support for it, he says. Then the first season averaged 58,000 fans per match (80% more than a typical Major League Baseball game), and new investors clamored to climb aboard. In February, an ownership group that includes Lachlan Murdoch, the son of media baron Rupert Murdoch, sold a minority stake in the Rajasthan Royals to investors fronted by actress Shilpa Shetty in a deal that reflected the rapid value appreciation. Just last year, the Royals were auctioned for a league-low $67 million over 10 years. While speculation about the IPLs long-term viability drove prices down at the franchise auction, the leagues early success has now translated to unrealistic valuations in the other direction. Not helping is a misguided study frequently cited by cricket officials that calls the IPL a $2 billion business. Perhaps one day, but certainly not yetour cumulative valuation amounts to barely one-fourth of that. Our survey of franchise values is determined by multiples of revenue from continuing operations, except in cases where teams are on the verge of gaining additional money and exposure. Example: The Delhi Daredevils will play for a share of a $6 million purse in the inaugural Twenty20 Champions League this fall, on top of receiving $500,000 just for participating in the tournament. Since up to half of team revenue is accrued by dint of gate receipts, local sponsorships and merchandisingrevenue streams of which teams share little with the leaguemarket size plays a major role in making some franchises more valuable than others. Take the Mumbai Indians, who play before a robust corporate base in Indias largest city. The Indians are the IPLs most valuable team, worth $80 million for the owner, oil and gas giant Reliance Industries and company chairman and largest shareholder Mukesh Ambani, Indias wealthiest man. Sensing Mumbai as the IPLs signature brand, akin to the English footballs Manchester United or baseballs New York Yankees, companies from outside of India, like Adidas ( ADDDY. PK news people ) and MasterCard ( MA news people ), have been quick to sponsor the team. Over two seasons, Mumbais $43 million in revenue tops the IPL. Some of the IPLs cachet comes from its owners: Khan uses the resources of his film company, Red Chillies Entertainment, to promote Kolkata and expand the teams reach into new markets. His strategy is paying off. Polls consistently rank the Knight Riders as Indias most popular team, and theyre already more valuable than two teams that were sold at higher auction prices only a year and a half ago. Such hands-on management is a far cry from the Stanford Super Series, the defunct Twenty20 competition between the English national team and all-stars from around the West Indies that was bankrolled by alleged Ponzi schemer R. Allen Stanford and thought to be competition for the IPL. Instead, after only one year, the SSS joined an alphabet soup of failed cricket ventures, including the IISC, WSC and APC. Cricket has been played internationally for 165 years and was once a contest at the Olympics. With 104 nations as members of crickets governing body, its one of the most popular sports in the world. But before the IPL, professional leagues had never truly been run as a business. Most leagues around the world are operated by nonprofit entities and teams owned by athletic clubs with thousands of members; often, making money is a low priority. Says Donald Lockerbie, chief executive of the USA Cricket Association, [English cricket] is as traditional a sport as there is. Its essentially a club membership drive. National teams have always been crickets top draw. But private franchise ownership coupled with the commercial possibilities of the new, abbreviated version of the game in Indias cricket crazed marketplace has upended the sports established order. Its also made Modi into crickets most influential (if polarizing) figure, for whom profit always trumps tradition. A brash and charismat ic promoter, hes the subcontinents answer to Don King. In April he hired around-the-clock security after reportedly receiving death threats from the mob, the gambling operations of which stood to take a hit from the season moving to South Africa. Unfazed, Modi is already laying the groundwork for the IPLs next chapter. We plan to have another shorter [season] that will move around the world, with a main league that will stay in India, he says. Another plan to boost league coffers is to add more teams. IMGs Wildblood projects expansion as early as 2011 with the IPL adding one or two more squads. Unlike in the early days, bidders will have a sense of the leagues long-term prospects. I think a lot of people discounted the fact that there was any value, Modi says. Not anymore.

How Psychology Defines and Explains Deviant Behavior

How Psychology Defines and Explains Deviant Behavior Deviant behavior is any behavior that is contrary to the dominant norms of society. There are many different theories on what causes a person to perform deviant behavior, including biological explanations, sociological explanations, as well as  psychological explanations. While sociological explanations for deviant behavior focus on how social structures, forces, and relationships foster deviance, and biological explanations focus on physical and biological differences and how these might connect to deviance, psychological explanations take a different approach. Psychological approaches to deviance all have some key things in common. First, the individual is the primary unit of analysis. This means that psychologists believe that individual human beings are solely responsible for their criminal or deviant acts. Second, an individual’s personality is the major motivational element that drives behavior within individuals. Third, criminals and deviants are seen as suffering from personality deficiencies, which means that crimes result from abnormal, dysfunctional, or inappropriate mental processes within the personality of the individual. Finally, these defective or abnormal mental processes could be caused by a variety of things, including a diseased mind, inappropriate learning, improper conditioning, and the absence of appropriate role models or the strong presence and influence of inappropriate role models. Starting from these basic assumptions, psychological explanations of deviant behavior come mainly from  three theories: psychoanalytic theory, cognitive development theory, and learning theory. How Psychoanalytic Theory Explains Deviance Psychoanalytic theory, which was developed by Sigmund Freud, states that all humans have natural drives and urges that are repressed in the unconscious. Additionally, all humans have criminal tendencies. These tendencies are curbed, however, through the process of socialization. A child that is improperly socialized, then, could develop a personality disturbance that causes him or her to direct antisocial impulses either inward or outward. Those who direct them inward become neurotic while those that direct them outward become criminal. How Cognitive Development Theory Explains Deviance According to the cognitive development theory, criminal and deviant behavior results from the way in which individuals organize their thoughts around morality and the law. Lawrence Kohlberg, a developmental psychologist, theorized that there are three levels of moral reasoning. During the first stage, called the pre-conventional stage, which is reached during middle childhood, moral reasoning is based on obedience and avoiding punishment. The second level is called the conventional level and is reached at the end of middle childhood. During this stage, moral reasoning is based on the expectations that the child’s family and significant others have for him or her. The third level of moral reasoning, the post-conventional level, is reached during early adulthood at which point individuals are able to go beyond social conventions. That is, they value the laws of the social system. People who do not progress through these stages may become stuck in their moral development and, as a result, become deviants or criminals. How Learning Theory Explains Deviance Learning theory is based on the principles of behavioral psychology, which hypothesizes that a person’s behavior is learned and maintained by its consequences or rewards. Individuals thus learn deviant and criminal behavior by observing other people and witnessing the rewards or consequences that their behavior receives. For example, an individual who observes a friend shoplift  an item and not get caught sees that the friend is not punished for their actions and they are rewarded by getting to keep the stolen item. That individual might be more likely to shoplift, then, if he believes that he will be rewarded with the same outcome. According to this theory, if this is how deviant behavior is developed, then taking away the reward value of the behavior can eliminate deviant behavior.

CFCs,Ozone Depletion and the Ozone Hole Assignment

CFCs,Ozone Depletion and the Ozone Hole - Assignment Example These CFCs rise up to the atmosphere, destroying the layer. The chlorine atom of a CFC reacts with an oxygen atom of the ozone molecule, resulting in two molecules of oxygen. The ozone is destroyed. An important long-term effect of the destruction of the ozone layer is a rise in the ultraviolet radiation near the earth. This in turn is a reason behind rising skin cancer, degrading of several substances like plastics, paints and fabrics, and reduced yield of major crops. It was reported by the Environmental Effects Panel in 1991 that the consequences of â€Å"a sustained 10% loss of ozone† would be a 26% rise in the occurrence of non-melanoma skin cancers (Anderson, Sarma and Sinclair, 31). A 1% loss would result in an increase of 100,000 to 150,000 cases of cataract-induced blindness throughout the world. The resulting rise in ultraviolet radiation would be responsible for a rise in the occurrence of melanoma. It was due to such drastic consequences that the Montreal Protocol was set signed by 24 nations on 16th September 1987 (Maunder 38). According to this Protocol there has to be a reduction in the consumption of CFCs by particular amounts, which would greatly reduce the degree of damage